Amanda Ross-Ho

Born in 1975, Chicago, IL
Lives and works in Los Angeles, CA

Education
2006  MFA, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 

1998  BFA, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 

1997  Exchange Program: California College of Arts and Crafts, Oakland, CA 

Group shows at Ceysson Gallery
FEED THE METER, Wandhaff
September 26, 2015 - January 30, 2016


Solo Exhibitions

2015
HOW TO REMOVE DARK SPOTS, Praz-Delavallade, Paris, FR March 2015

2014
WHO BURIES WHO, The Approach, London, UK October 2014
Untitled Smock (ACCIDENT), “The Suburban” at The Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, part of Michelle Grabner, I Work from Home, Cleveland, OH USA

2013
THE CHARACTER AND SHAPE OF ILLUMINATED THINGS, Museum of Contemporary Art Plaza, Chicago, IL
CRADLE OF FILTH, Shane Campbell Gallery, Chicago, IL
GONE TOMORROW, Mitchell-Innes and Nash, New York, NY

2012
AMANDA ROSS-HO: TEENY TINY WOMAN, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, USA

2011
Time Waits For No-one The Approach, London, UK
Untitled Nothing Factory, Visual Arts Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX

2010
A Stack of Black Pants, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA
Somebody Stop Me, Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York, NY
Project Series 40: Amanda Ross-Ho: The Cheshire Cat Principle, Pomona College Museum of Art, Pomona, CA

2009
Untitled Event, Hoet Bekaert, Gent, Belgium

2008
Half Of What I Say Is Meaningless, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA

2007
Hoet Bekaert, Knokke, Belgium
Nothin Fuckin Matters, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA

2006
Gran-abertura, Western Exhibitions, Chicago, IL
Don't Front (You Know I Got Cha Open), Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA

2004
Season Finale, Western Exhibitions, Chicago, IL

2003
The Earth is Rotating with this Room as its Axis, Soap Factory, Minneapolis, MN
Scene of Changery, Dogmatic, Chicago, IL

Group exhibitions (selection)

Forthcoming
Wasteland, LAND (LA Nomadic Division), Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris March, 2016
Ordinary Pictures, Walker Art Center, February 2016
Bloody Red Sun of Fantastic LA, PIASA, Paris November 2015
The John Riepenhoff Experience at Misako and Rosen, Tokyo, Japan November 2015

2015
A Painting is A Painting isn’t a Painting, Curated by Hamza Walker, Kadist Foundation, San Francisco, CA
Feed the Meter, Curated by Wallace Whitney, Bernard Ceysson, Luxembourg, FR
Monday Me, Curated by Kristen Van Deventer, Soccer Club Club (Drag City Records), Chicago, IL
New Wave, Goss Michael Foundation, Dallas, TX
Image Objects, Public Art Fund, Large-scale Sculpture Commission, City Hall Park, NYC
Civilization and Its Discontents, (curated by Tyson and Scott Reeder) School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Sullivan Galleries, Chicago, IL
Under Construction, Paramo, Guadajara, Mexico
Thief Among Thieves, Museum of Contemporary Art Denver, Denver Colorado
Womanhouse, Eric Firestone Gallery, East Hampton, NY
Poses & Play, La Brasserie, Foncquevillers, FR
wow! Woven? Entering the (sub)Textiles, Künstlerhaus Halle für Kunst & Medien, Graz, AT
Small Sculpture, Shane Campbell Gallery, Chicago, IL
SOGTFO, Francois Ghebaly, Curated by Charlie White, Los Angeles, CA
Basement Folds, Claremont Graduate University Gallery, Claremont, CA

2014
Quelle beauté, quel calme. J'ai vu les nuages et, au loin, leur ombre légère. Yuri Gagarin (curated by Wilfried Huet), CNEAI, Chatou, FR
SMALL Rome, Frutta, Curated by Adam Carr, Rome, Italy
CEMETARIUM, Regina Rex at Emerson Dorsch, Miami, FL
Of My Affection, Anonymous Gallery, Mexico City
Saying Yes to Everything, (curated by Corinna Peipon) Honor Fraser, Los Angeles, CA
Another Cats Show, 356 Mission, Los Angeles, CA
The White Album, Richard Telles, Los Angeles, CA
Summer & sUMMER, Michael Jon Gallery, Miami, FL and Detroit, MI
Picture This, SALTS/Kunst Halle Sankt Gallen, Birsfelden, Switzerland
BIEN OU BIEN?, mon Cheri, Brussels, Belgium
Tragedy + Time, Public Fiction/Hammer Museum, (curated by Lauren Mackler and Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer as part of Made in LA 2014), Los Angeles, CA
Infinitude, Roberts and Tilton, Los Angeles, CA
Unfinished Season, Curated by Marc LeBlanc, Galerie Christian Nagel, Cologne, Germany
Inaugural Show, Loudhailer Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
Amy+John+Amanda, (Amy Yao, John Riepenhoff, Amanda Ross-Ho) Artist Curated Projects, Los Angeles, CA
I Just Came to Say Hello, Curated by Alexej Meschtschanow, Klemm’s, Berlin, Germany
Shakti, Brand New Gallery, Milan,Italy

2013
You Are Here, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA
Febreze, Kinman, London, UK
ANAMERICANA, American Academy in Rome, curated by Vincenzo de Bellis, Rome, Italy
In the Cut: Collage as Idea, Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne,
Australia
Camp Paradox Days,The University of the Arts Rosenwald-Wolf Gallery, Philadelphia, PA.
Culm, Night Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
TEN YEARS, Wallspace, New York, NY
Yes I Will Yes, American Contemporary, New York, NY
Stand-In, Albert Baronian, Brussels, Belgium
Painting in Place, Los Angeles Nomadic Division, Los Angeles, CA
Image Transfer, Salina Art Center, Salina, KS
Set Pieces, Cardi Black Box, Milan, Italy

2012
Sincerely How am I Talking?,Hollybush Gardens, curated by FormContent, London, UK
Make Hay, David Petersen Gallery, Minneapolis, MN
Props for Memory, Invisible-Exports, New York, NY
Pure Perception, (Amanda Ross-Ho, Laura Owens, Kristen Baker, Mai-Thu Perret) Monica De Cardenas Gallery, Milan, Italy
Commrades of Time, Project Space, Tilburg, Netherlands
prince at the forum, Beacon Arts Building, Inglewood, CA

Look Here, Upon this Picture, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles
Parings: The Collection at 50, Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA

Devouring Time, Western Bridge, Seattle, WA

Special Blend, The Journal, Brooklyn, NY

Image Transfer, Newcomb Art Gallery at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (August-October 2012)

2011
IT AIN'T FAIR: Materialism, OHWOW, Miami, FL

disorder, Todd Madigan Gallery, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA

Drawing, Shane Campbell Gallery, Chicago,IL
Two Schools of Cool, Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA (catalog)

George Herms: Xenophilia (Love of the Unknown), Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA

Painting Expanded, Tanya Bonakdar, New York, NY

Greater LA, 483 Broadway, New York, NY

NOT THE WAY YOU REMEMBERED, Queens Museum of Art, Queens, NY

Human Nature: Contemporary Art from the Collection, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA

Image Transfer, Center for Art, Design and Visual Culture, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (October-December 2011); Richard E. Peeler Art Center, Depauw University, Greencastle, IN (February-May, 2011)

Banquet of the Black Jackal, Luckman Gallery, Cal State, Los Angeles, CA (catalog)

2010
How Soon Now, Rubell Family Collection, Miami, FL (catalog)

Drawing, Shane Campbell Gallery, Chicago IL

Free, New Museum, New York, NY

New Photography 2010, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY

Image Transfer, Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA (catalog)

Jerry/Jury-Rigged, curated by Jan Tumlir, Glendale Community College Art Gallery, Glendale, CA

Artist's Museum, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA

Portugal Arte, Lisbon, Portugal

Doctor Zomb, Glendale Community College Art Gallery, Glendale, CA

Endless Bummer / Surf Elsewhere, Blum and Poe, Los Angeles, CA

Wall-to-Wall, Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, CA

They Have Not the Art to Argue with Pictures, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA

Production Site: The Artist's Studio Inside and Out, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Chicago, IL

The Never Ending Story: Fairytale, Fantasy, Obsession, curated by Laura Hoptman, Royal/T, Los Angeles, CA

Crosstown Traffic, Wentrup Gallery, Berlin, Germany

New Art for a New Century: Recent Acquisitions 2000-2009, Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA

FAX, Burnaby Art Gallery, Burnaby, Canada; Para/Site Art Space, Hong Kong 

2009
Picturing The Studio, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL

In Bed Together, Royal/T, Los Angeles, CA

Chinese Box, Overduin and Kite, Los Angeles, CA

Wallworks, Yerba Buena Arts Center, San Francisco, CA

Interiority Complex, Artist Curated Projects, Los Angeles, CA
Bitch Is The New Black, Honor Fraser, Los Angeles, CA

Summer Group Show, Mitchell-Innes and Nash, New York, NY

July Artist of the Month, Invisible Exports, New York, NY

To The Left of The Rising Sun, Small A Projects, New York, NY

Abstract America: New Painting and Sculpture, Saatchi Gallery, London, UK

Selected Works from the MCA Collection, MCA Chicago, Chicago, IL

Spoils & Relics: Henning Bohl, Michael Hakimi, Amanda Ross-Ho, The Approach, London, UK

FIRST SHOW, Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles, CA

FAX, The Drawing Center, New York, NY; traveled to Contemporary Museum, Baltimore, MD and Torrance Art Museum, Torrance, CA.
Make Room, Atlanta Contemporary Art Center, Atlanta, GA

LA Woman, Hanes Art Gallery, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC

2008
The Station, curated by Shamim Momin and Nate Lowman, Miami, FL

Indirect Object: Matt Mullican, Cady Noland, Amanda Ross-Ho, Frances Stark, Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York, NY  

Dogtooth and Tessellate, The Approach, London, UK 

2008 California Biennial, Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA (catalog)

Index: Conceptualism In California From The Permanent Collection, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA  

a tellurian complex, john connelly presents, New York, NY

Whitney Biennial, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (catalog)

Chinaman's Chance, Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena, CA

Depositions, Galerie Francesca Pia, Zurich, Switzerland.

Nina in Position, Artists Space, New York, NY

Vaginal Rejuvenation, Guild and Greyshkul, New York, NY

2007
for REE, Marc Foxx Gallery, Los Angeles, CA

OPEN, Hoet Bekaert Gallery, Ghent, Belgium

Sculptors' Drawings, Angles Gallery, Santa Monica, CA

Post-Rose: Artists In And Out of The Hazard Park Complex, Christian Nagel, Berlin, Germany

Sonotube Forms, Santa Barbara Contemporary Arts Forum, Santa Barbara, CA

Warhol and..., Kantor/Feuer Gallery, Los Angeles, CA

Me, you, you, a ventriloquy, Small A Projects, Portland, OR

Distinctive Messengers, House of Campari, Los Angeles, CA

Obscene Soft Sounds, Wallspace, New York, NY 
Photographs, AR Fine Art, Milan, Italy

2006
Dice Thrown (Will Never Annul Chance), Bellwether, New York, NY 

666, curated by Jan Tumlir, USC Roski School of the Arts, Los Angeles, CA 

Bibliography

Lehrer-Graiwer, Sarah, “Class Dismissed: A Roundtable on Art School, USC, and Cooper Union” Artforum, October, 2015
Johnson, Ken. “‘Image Objects’ Looks at the Relationship Between the Virtual and the Physical.” The New York Times, July 2015.
“Galería Diéresis muta a Páramo.” Informador.mx, June 2015.
Griffin, Jonathan. “SOGTFO at François Ghebaly.” Contemporary Art Review LA, June 2015.
Gil, Rubén. “La galería Páramo se inaugura con una obra en construcción.” La Jornada Jalisco, May 31, 2015.
Cascone, Sarah. “The Public Art Fund Brings Digitally Manipulated Sculpture to City Hall Park.” artnet News, May 12, 2015.
Sutton, Kate. SOGTFO, Artforum, May 2015.
Chaillou, Timothee. Amanda Ross-Ho, Praz-Delavallade, Paris, flashartonline.com, May 20, 2015.
Frank, Priscilla. This is Not a Show About 5 Women Sculptors. Its SOGTFO. Huffingtonpost.com. March 23, 2015.
Williams, Maxwell. BIG IDEAS, Artist Feature, Art +Auction, May 2015.
Osorio, José M., Head case, Chicago Tribune, 2nd July
Amanda Ross-Ho transforms MCA Chicago's plaza into an open air photo studio, artdaily.org
Dluzen, Robin. "Editorial: Recommendations Amanda Ross-Ho." Visual Art Source, May 2013.
Nardi, Sarah. "Amanda Ross-Ho creates a public work with the public very much in mind." Chicago Reader, July 2013.
Cristello, Stephanie. "Tête-à-Tête." Artslant, July 2013.
Eler, Alicia. "Take Your Picture with an Oversize Neosurrealist Dream Head." Hyperallergic, August 8, 2013.
Cusak, Anne. “LA Times Faces To Watch”, January 3, 2012
Morse, Rebecca. AMANDA ROSS-HO exhibition catalog. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2012
Morse, Rebecca. AMANDA ROSS-HO, “Chance Favors the Prepared Mind,” exhibition catalog. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2012: pp. 4 - 17.
“Sad is Stupid Big: Amanda Ross-Ho In Conversation with Joao Ribas, April 2012,” AMANDA ROSS-HO, exhibition catalog. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 2012: pp. 306 - 310.
Zellen, Jody. “Continuing and Recommended.” Artscene, September 2012: pp. 19.
Martens, Anne. “Amanda Ross-Ho MOCA Pacific Design Center.” Artillery, September – October 2012: pp. 64.
Moratto, Rossela. “Pure Perception.” Flash Art International, July – September 2012: pp. 106.
Soto, Paul, “Biographical Marks: Q+A with Amanda Ross-Ho.” Artinamericamagazine.com, July 25, 2012.
Knight, Christopher. “Art Review: ‘Amanda Ross-Ho: Teeny Tiny Woman’ translates well.” The Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012.
Ed. “September Preview Week: Lower East Side Openings.” ArtFagCity.com, September 5, 2012.
Cefalu, Christiana. “Art The Won’t Break the Bank.” Barrons.com, September 10, 2012.
Ed. “Gallery Round-Up.” Last Magazine, September 19, 2012.
Knight, Christopher. “Making it clear in her own time.” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012.
Ross-Ho, Amanda. “500 Words.” Artforum.com, June 2012.
Blog on Paper, double, 23 printemps-ete 2012, p.16, 66, 69, 70, 83.
Barton, Dave. “At OCMA, It’s Tag Team Time!” OC Weekly, Jan 19, 2012.
Knight, Christopher. "Faces to Watch: 2012," Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2012, E8.
Lockhart, Sharon. Camera Austria, Issue 116, 2011.

Bancroft, Sarah. Two Schools of Cool, exhibition catalog, Orange County Museum of Art, 2011.

Cavin, Justin. "Amanda Ross-Ho," ...might be good, Issue 164, March 4, 2011. Berardini, Andrew. "Amanda Ross-Ho," Frieze Magazine, No. 137, March 2011.

Tan, Lumi. "Free," Frieze Magazine, March 2011, p 141.

Weathers, Chelsea. "PICKS: Amanda Ross-Ho," Artforum.com, February 2011.

Geha, Katie. "Amanda Ross-Ho: UNTITLED NOTHING FACTORY, Visual Arts Center, The University of Texas at Austin," Art Lies, No. 67, February 2011.

Griffin, Jonathan. "Amanda Ross-Ho: A Stack of Black Pants," Art Review, January/February 2011.

Vogel, Wendy. "Free: New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York",
...might be good, Issue 160, January 7, 2011.

Berardini, Andrew. “Amanda Ross-Ho,” Artillery, January 6, 2011. 

Williams, Maxwell. "The California Conceptualist Unfurls Form and Structure," Flaunt.com, January 2011. 

Leher-Graiwer, Sarah. “Amanda Ross-Ho at Cherry and Martin, Los Angeles," Art Agenda, December 2010.

Moret, A. “Amanda Ross-Ho @ Cherry and Martin,” WhiteHot Magazine, December 2010.

Knight, Christopher. “Oddly, they connect,”  Los Angeles Times, November 26, 2010, p D22.

Taft, Catherine. "Studio Check: Amanda Ross-Ho," Modern Painters, November 2010, pp. 27-29.

Indrisek, Scott. "Free," Artinfo.com, October 28, 2010. 

Sutton, Benjamin. "Young Artists Find Freedom Online," The L Magazine, October 25, 2010.

Aletti, Vince. “Critics Notebook: Cool Hunters,” The New Yorker, October 18, 2010, p. 12.

Rosenberg, Karen. “Ignoring Boundaries and Borrowing Freely,” The New York Times, October 7, 2010, p. C28

Myers, Holly. "In The Studio: A playful stage for Amanda Ross-Ho," Los Angeles Times, August 22, 2010, p. E5.

Wehr, Anne. "Amanda Ross-Ho,"  Frieze Magazine, June 2010.  

Harvey, Doug. "Amanda Ross-Ho: Trick-and-Treater," LA Weekly, May 20, 2010.

Waxman, Lori. "A look inside the artist's studio," Chicago Tribune, May 7, 2010.

Jacob, Mary Jane and Michelle Grabner, eds. The Studio Reader: On the Space of Artists, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 11.

Laster, Paul. "Amanda Ross-Ho, 'SOMEBODY STOP ME'," Time Out New York, April 29, 2010.

Truong, Hong-An. "Absence and Presence in Amanda Ross-Ho's Somebody Stop Me," Idiom, April 14, 2010.

Schjeldahl, Peter. "Amanda Ross-Ho," The New Yorker, April 26, 2010, pp: 12-13.

Taft, Catherine. "Reviews: Amanda Ross-Ho," Artforum, April 2010, pp: 204-205.

Stillman, Steel. "In the Studio: Amanda Ross-Ho," Art in America, April 2010, No. 4, pp: 82-89.

Lassry, Elad. "Amanda Ross-Ho," BOMB Magazine, online, February, 2010.

Jones, Alice. "Bright young things : ones to watch," The Independent, October 9, 2009.

Nys Dambrot, Shana. "On The Radar: Seventeen Artists You Should Know About," THE Magazine, September 2009, p. 12.

Ward, Ossian. "Abstract America: New Painting and Sculpture," Time Out London, June 4, 2009.

Januszczak, Waldemar. "Give Credit to the Crunch," The Sunday Times, May 17, 2009. 
Ebner, Jörn. "Nicht Alles ist Apokalypse," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Kunstmarkt Seite 42, May 16, 2009, NR. 113

White, Charlie. "Cut and Paste," Artforum, XLVII, No.7, March 2009, pp. 210-215.

Millar, Jeremy. "Dogtooth and Tessellate," Art Review, Jan/Feb. 2009, p. 32.

Cotter, Holland. “Indirect Object,” The New York Times, Friday, December 19, 2008.

Mizota, Sharon. “Follow The Clues and, aha!” Los Angeles Times, October 10, 2008, p.E18-E19.

Harvey, Doug. “Free Skating,” LA Weekly, September 26-October 2, 2008, p. 58.

Vikram, Anuradha. “The LA Annual,” Artillery, Vol 2, no 5, May/June 2008, p. 47-48.

Dambrot, Shana Nys. "Young At Art: 15 Artists Under 35," art ltd., May 2008, p.57.

Alemani, Cecilla. “Whitney Girls,” Mousse, Issue 13, March 2008, p. 110-112.

Cotter, Holland. “Art’s Economic Indicator,” The New York Times, March 7, 2008.

Bair, Callen, "The Buy-ennial," Conde Nast Portfolio, March 2008, p. 108.

Allan, Stacey. "Introducing Amanda Ross-Ho," Modern Painters, March 2008, pp. 46-48, 95. 

Smith, Roberta. “Amanda Ross-Ho and Kirsten Stoltmann,” The New York Times, Friday, February 15, 2008, p. B32.
Ed.
“Infinity’s Limited Engagement (Excerpt),” NY Arts, Vol 13, No ½, Jan. / Feb. 2008, p. 15.

Baker, R.C. “Best in Show,” Village Voice, January 30 - February 5, 2008.

Holte, Michael Ned. “Los Angeles,” Artforum, December 2007, pp. 288-291.

Vogel, Carol. "Whitney Biennial Stretches to Armory," The New York Times, November 16, 2007.

Buckley, Annie. "Amanda Ross-Ho at Cherry and Martin," Artweek, Volume 38, Issue 4, May 2007, p. 18.

Taft, Catherine. "Amanda Ross-Ho," Modern Painters, May 2007, p. 98, ill.

Dambrot, Shana Nys. “Amanda Ross-Ho: Nothin Fuckin Matters,” Art Review, issue 10, p. 144, ill. April 2007.

Ross-Ho, Amanda. “Rants and Raves: Amanda Ross-Ho,” NYFA Interactive, March 21, 2007.

Clark, Chad. “Nothin Fuckin Matters,” Frontiers, March 2007, p. 103, ill.

Gray, Emma. “LA Confidential,” artnet.com, February 14, 2007. 

Holte, Michael Ned. “First Takes: 10 Writers On Up-and-Coming Artists,” Artforum, January, 2007, pp. 208-209. 

Smith, Roberta. 'Dice Thrown (Will Never Annul Chance),' The New York Times, November 3, 2006, p. E-34. 

Doran, Anne. 'Dice Thrown (Will Never Annul Chance),' Time Out, Issue 579, November 2-8, 2006. 

Gray, Emma. Kitchen Snyc, Art Review, June, 2006 

Harvey, Doug. “State of Emergence: Undiscovered Cracks in the Art-World Infrastructure,' LA Weekly, 2005. 

3rdfloor Magazine, 2005. 

Pelley, Virginia. Artist Interview, Venus Magazine, 2004. 

Marsh, Julia. “Welcome to Wonderland'TenbyTen, 2004. 

Sandler, Carrie. “Short and Sweet', UR Magazine, 2004. 

Workman, Michael. “2 Second Interview,' Newcity Chicago, 2004. 

Kucharski, Steven. Artist Interview, Open Issues, 2004. 

Speh, Scott. “Don't Fail Me Now at TBA,' Hot Commodities 19, 2004. 

Mayer, Anna. “Don't Fail Me Now @ TBA,' panel-house.com, 2004. 

Audrey, Michelle. “Glossing,'F news, Mast, 2003. 

Velez, Pedro. “Summer Thrills,' artnet.com, 2003. 

“Best of Chicago 2003: Best art opening-night parties,'Newcity Chicago, 2003. 

Workman, Michael. “Eye Exam,' Newcity Chicago, 2003. 

Abbe, Mary. “New Name Artists at No Name Gallery,' Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2003. 
Workman, Michael. “The Great Outdoors, “ Newcity Chicago, 2002. 

Polanski, Jurek. “Significant Signifiers,' Artscope.net, 2002.

“Artist’s Page,' Log Illustrated #9. 2001 

Coleman, Juliayn. “The Meaning of A,' Goodlookin’ Magazine, 1999.